Phytochemical screening and GC-MS Analysis of Rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia

 

Mr. MK. Nithin*, Dr. G.Veeramani, Dr. S. Sivakrishnan

Department of Pharmacy, Annamalai University, Chidambaram - 608002, Tamil Nadu, India

 

ABSTRACT:

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Traditional medicine [1,2] is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illness. Drynaria quercifolia [3] belongs to family of polypodiacea is an epiphytic medicinal pteridophyte [4], distributed widely in the evergreen forests of the western ghats of Kerala, locally called marappankilangu or attukalkilangu. The rhizomes are 2cm thick and wooly. The rhizomes of drynaria are creeping and densely covered in brown scales and are 20-25mm long and 0.7-2.5mm wide and soft. Stipeses are winged at the base and lamina is not separated into distinct leaflets. Sori are round and circular in shape. Spores 37.5-55µm long, 22.5-37.5 µm wide.

 

The rhizome is reported to be used by tribal communities of Tamil Nadu and Kerala to cure various diseases like dyspepsia and cough. The leaves are used to treat body ache, headache and with other drugs in rheumatic pain. The whole plant of Drynaria quercifolia is anthelmintics, pectoral, skin diseases and loss of appetite. The plant is known to have therapeutic uses in tuberculosis and fever. The fronds are pounded and used as a poultice for swelling because of its antibacterial and astringent properties. Rhizome and roots are used as tonic in typhoid fever. It is very specifically used in the treatment of migraine. Traditional use of this drug is in diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera, jaundice and syphilis. The rhizome is also reported to have anti fertility [5], anti-inflammatory, analgesic [6], anti-pyretic [7], anti-bacterial [8] and anti-ulcer [9] properties.

 

Taxonomy:

Taxonomical hierarchy for Drynaria quercifolia according to NCBI (national centre for biotechnology information)-

 

Domain             : Eukaryota

Kingdom           : Plantae

Subkingdom     : Viridaeplantae

Phylum              : Tracheophyta

Subphylum       : Euphyllophytina

Infraphylum    : Moniliformopses

Order                 : Polypodiales

Family               : Polypodiaceae

Tribe                  : Drynarieae

Genus                 : Drynaria

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection and Identification of Drynaria quercifolia:

The rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia was collected from Yercaud hills, Salem District, Tamil Nadu, India. Taxonomic identification was made from Botanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Unit Siddha, Government of India, Palayamkottai.

 

Extraction and Isolation of Drynaria quercifolia:

The rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia were dried under shade, segregated, pulverized by a mechanical grinder and passed through a 40 mesh sieve. The powdered plant materials were stored in an air-tight container. The above powdered materials were successively extracted with ethanol by hot continuous percolation method in Soxhlet apparatus for 24 hours. The extract was concentrated by using a rotary evaporator [10] and subjected to freeze drying in a lyophilizer [11] till dry powder was obtained.

 

Phytochemical screening:

Quantitative analysis was performed in ethanol extract of plant to quantify the phytoconstituents such as carbohydrates, gum and mucilage, amino-acids, polyphenols, fixed oil and fats, Alkaloids [12], Tannins [13], Saponins [14], and Flavonoids [15].                       

 

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analysis:

The Clarus 680 GC was passed down in the analysis to engaged a fused silica column, packed with Elite-5MS (30m × 0.25mm ID × 250μm df, 5% biphenyl 95% dimethylpolysiloxane) and the components were distinct using Helium as carrier gas at a constant flow of one ml/min. The injector temperature was set at 260°C throughout the chromatographic run. The 1μL of extract sample infuse into the instrument the oven temperature was as follows: 60°C (2 min); pursue by 300°C at the rate of 10°C min−1; and 300°C, where it was held for six minutes. The mass detector conditions were, transfer line temp 240°C, ion source temp 240°C, and ionization mode Electron impact (EI) at 70 eV, a scan time 0.2 sec and scan interval of 0.1 sec. The fragments from 40 to 600 Da and spectrum [16] of the components were compared with the database of spectrum of known components stored in the GC-MS NIST (2008) library. 

Identification of phytocomponents:

Analysis on mass-spectrum GC-MS [17,18] was conducted using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) having more than 62,000 patterns. The spectrum of the unknown components was correlated with the spectrum of known components stored in the NIST library. The structure, name and molecular weight of the components of the test materials were confirmed [19].

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of Drynaria quercifolia shows the presence of glycosides, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, gum and mucilage carbohydrates, amino-acids, polyphenols and fixed oil and fats were represented in Table 1.

 

GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia revealed various compounds with help of NIST library [20]. Totally 11most abundant compounds with their retention time, molecular formula, molecular weight and peak area were listed in Table 2 and GC-MS chromatogram of the eleven peak of the compounds detected was shown in Figure 1.The ethanolic extract of rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia showed 11 bioactive compounds namely, 2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one,3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl, 1,2-bis(trimethyl silyl) benzene, 2-propanol, 1-chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-, Silane,1,4-phenylene bis[trimethy-, 2,6-lutidine 3,5-dicholoro-4-dodecylthio-, 1-heptyn-4-ol, 2-propanol,1-chloro-3-propoxy-, 6-amino-5-cyano-4-(3-iodophenyl)-2-methyl-4H-pyron-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, 2-myristynol-glycinamide, Benzene,2-(tert-butyldimethyl silyl)-1-isopropyl)-4-methy and 1,2,4-benzene tri carboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl ester. The phytochemical analysis and GC-MS of ethanolic extract of Drynaria quercifolia shows a more number of active constituents. These active principles provide inspiration for further investigation in the discovery of novel herbal drugs.

 

Table 1: Phytochemical screening result of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia

S. No	Test	Ethanolic Extract of Drynaria quercifolia
1	Alkaloids	+
2	Carbohydrates	+
3	Glycosides	+
4	Phytosterols	+
5	Fixed Oil and Fats	+
6	Saponins	+
7	Phenolic Compounds and Tannins	+
8	Proteins and Aminoacids	+
9	Gum and Mucilage	+
10	Test For Flavonoids	+
11	Test for Lignin	_
12	Test for Triterpenoids	_

+ Positive; -Negative

 

Table 2: Phytocomponents identified in ethanolic extract of rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia

S. No	RT	Compound Name	Mol. Formula	Mol. Wt	%Peak Area	Compound Nature
1.	27.693	2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one,3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl	C13H22OSI2	250	10.092	Aliphatic
2.	28.024	1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl) benzene	C12H22SI2	222	7.444	Aromatic
3.	28.159	2-propanol, 1-chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-	C6H13O2CL	152	10.492	Alcohol and Ether
4.	28.289	Silane,1,4-phenylene bis[trimethy-	C12H22SI2	222	12.077	Aromatic
5.	28.434	2,6-lutidine 3,5-dicholoro-4-dodecylthio-	C19H31NCL2S	375	10.038	Not identified
6.	28.584	1-heptyn-4-ol	C7H14O	114	4.949	Alcohol
7.	28.694	2-propanol,1-chloro-3-propoxy-	C6H13O2CL	152	7.370	Ether and Alcohol
8.	28.869	6-amino-5-cyano-4-(3-iodophenyl)-2-methyl-4H-pyron-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester	C16H15O3N2I	410	4.505	Not identified
9.	29.014	2-myristynol-glycinamide	C16H28O2N2	280	22.502	Not identified
10.	29.354	Benzene,2-(tert-butyldimethyl silyl)-1-isopropyl)-4-methy	C16H28OSI	264	4.730	Aromatic
11.	30.214	1,2,4-benzene tri carboxylic acid, 1,2-dimethyl ester	C11H10O6	238	5.801	Aromatic

 

 

Figure 1: GC-MS Chromatogram of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia

 

COCLUSION:

The phytochemical screening and GC-MS study on the rhizome of Drynaria quercifolia revealed the presence of various bio-active compounds. These compounds will definitely give fruitful results and will open new area of investigation of individual components and their pharmacological potency. Hence, the rhizome of plant might be utilized for the development of traditional medicines and further investigation is needed to elute novel active compounds which may create the new way to treat many incurable diseases.

 

FINANCIAL SUPPORT:

None.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS:

All the authors contributed equally to the paper.

 

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Accepted on 11.11.2019         © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5):2266-2268.